Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Alternatif rock adalah istilah umum yang luas yang terdiri dari musik yang sangat berbeda dalam hal suaranya, konteks sosial, dan akar regionalnya. By the end of the 1980s magazines and zines , college radio airplay and word of mouth had increased the prominence and highlighted the diversity of alternative rock, helping to define a number of distinct scenes such as gothic rock , jangle pop , noise pop , C86 , Madchester , industrial music , and shoegazing . Pada akhir 1980-an majalah dan zine , kuliah radio airplay dan dari mulut ke mulut telah meningkat menonjol dan menyoroti keragaman rock alternatif, membantu untuk menentukan sejumlah adegan yang berbeda seperti batu gothic , pop gemerincing , pop kebisingan , C86 , Madchester , industri musik , dan shoegazing . Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü and REM , had even signed to major labels . Sebagian besar subgenre telah mencapai pemberitahuan utama minor dan beberapa band yang mewakili mereka, seperti Husker Du dan REM , bahkan telah menandatangani kontrak dengan label besar . But most alternative bands' commercial success was limited in comparison to other genres of rock and pop music at the time, and most acts remained signed to independent labels and received relatively little attention from mainstream radio, television or newspapers. Tapi sukses komersial band paling alternatif 'terbatas dibandingkan dengan genre lain dari musik rock dan pop pada waktu itu, dan tindakan yang paling tetap menandatangani kontrak dengan label independen dan menerima relatif sedikit perhatian dari mainstream, televisi radio atau surat kabar. With the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became commercially successful. Dengan terobosan dari Nirvana dan popularitas gerakan grunge dan Britpop pada 1990-an, rock alternatif memasuki mainstream musik dan band banyak alternatif menjadi sukses secara komersial.
The rock alternatif jangka
Before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. [ 2 ] In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about. [ 3 ] College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the college radio circuit and the tastes of college students. Sebelum rock alternatif jangka datang ke dalam penggunaan umum sekitar tahun 1990, jenis musik yang diacunya dikenal dengan berbagai istilah. [2] Pada tahun 1979, Terry Tolkin menggunakan Musik Alternatif istilah untuk menggambarkan kelompok yang ditulisnya. [3] Sekolah Tinggi batu ini digunakan di Amerika Serikat untuk menggambarkan musik selama tahun 1980 karena link kepada radio perguruan tinggi sirkuit dan selera mahasiswa. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture . Di Inggris, puluhan kecil melakukannya sendiri label rekaman muncul sebagai akibat dari subkultur punk . According to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red , NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called "Alternative Charts". Menurut pendiri dari salah satu label, Cherry Merah , NME dan Suara majalah grafik diterbitkan berdasarkan toko kaset kecil yang disebut "Charts Alternatif". The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980; it immediately succeeded in its aim to help these labels. Grafik nasional pertama berdasarkan distribusi disebut Bagan Indie diterbitkan pada Januari 1980; segera berhasil tujuannya untuk membantu label ini. At the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. [ 4 ] By 1985, it had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, rather than simply distribution status. [ 5 ] . Pada saat itu, istilah indie digunakan secara harfiah untuk menggambarkan catatan independen didistribusikan. [4] Pada tahun 1985, telah datang berarti sebuah genre tertentu, atau kelompok subgenre, bukan hanya statusnya distribusi. [5] . The use of the term alternative to describe rock music originated around the mid-1980s; [ 6 ] at the time, the common music industry terms for cutting-edge music were new music and post modern , respectively indicating freshness and a tendency to recontextualize sounds of the past. [ 1 ] [ 7 ] Individuals who worked as DJs and promoters during the 1980s claim the term originates from American FM radio of the 1970s, which served as a progressive alternative to top 40 radio formats by featuring longer songs and giving DJs more freedom in song selection. Penggunaan alternatif istilah untuk menggambarkan musik rock berawal sekitar pertengahan 1980-an; [6] pada saat itu, istilah industri yang umum untuk musik cutting-edge musik adalah musik baru dan posting yang modern , masing-masing menunjukkan kesegaran dan kecenderungan untuk rekontekstual suara dari masa lalu. [1] [7] Individu yang bekerja sebagai DJ dan promotor selama tahun 1980 mengklaim istilah berasal dari American radio FM dari tahun 1970-an, yang menjabat sebagai alternatif progresif atas 40 format radio dengan menampilkan lagu-lagu lama dan memberi DJ lebih banyak kebebasan dalam pemilihan lagu. According to one former DJ and promoter, "Somehow this term 'alternative' got rediscovered and heisted by college radio people during the 80s who applied it to new post-punk, indie, or underground-whatever music". [ 8 ] At first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by "heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave" and "high-energy dance anthems". [ 9 ] Usage of the term would broaden to include New Wave , pop , punk rock , post-punk , and occasionally "college"/" indie " rock, all found on the American "commercial alternative" radio stations of the time such as Los Angeles ' KROQ-FM . Menurut salah satu mantan DJ dan promotor, "Entah bagaimana 'alternatif' punya istilah ini ditemukan kembali dan heisted oleh radio kampus orang selama 80-an yang diterapkan ke indie baru post-punk,, atau bawah tanah-apa pun musik ". [8] Pada awalnya, jangka disebut sengaja non-mainstream tindakan rock yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh "balada logam berat, dijernihkan gelombang baru" dan "lagu kebangsaan tari energi-tinggi". [9] Penggunaan istilah ini akan memperluas untuk memasukkan New Wave , pop , punk rock , post-punk , dan kadang-kadang "kuliah" / " indie "rock, semua ditemukan di Amerika" komersial alternatif "stasiun radio waktu seperti Los Angeles ' KROQ-FM . The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza , for which festival founder and Jane's Addiction frontman Perry Farrell coined the term Alternative Nation . Penggunaan alternatif mendapatkan paparan lebih lanjut karena keberhasilan Lollapalooza , yang festival pendiri dan Ketergantungan Jane vokalis Perry Farrell menciptakan istilah Bangsa Alternatif panjang. In the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. [ 1 ] In 1997, Neil Strauss of The New York Times defined alternative rock as "hard-edged rock distinguished by brittle, '70s-inspired guitar riffing and singers agonizing over their problems until they take on epic proportions". [ 9 ] Pada akhir 1990-an, definisi lagi menjadi lebih spesifik. [1] Pada tahun 1997, Neil Strauss dari The New York Times rock alternatif didefinisikan sebagai "keras bermata batu dibedakan oleh rapuh riffing, 70-an yang terinspirasi gitar dan penyanyi penderitaan atas masalah mereka sampai mereka mengambil proporsi epik ". [9]Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word. Alternative can describe music that challenges the status quo and that is "fiercely iconoclastic, anticommercial, and antimainstream", but the term is also used in the music industry to denote "the choices available to consumers via record stores, radio, cable television, and the Internet." [ 10 ] Using a broad definition of the genre, Dave Thompson in his book Alternative Rock cites the formation of the Sex Pistols as well as the release of the albums Horses by Patti Smith and Metal Machine Music by Lou Reed as three key events that gave birth to alternative rock. [ 11 ] Until recent years when Indie Rock became the most common term in the US to describe modern pop and rock, [ 12 ] the terms "indie rock" and "alternative rock" were often used interchangeably; whilst there are aspects which both genres have in common, indie rock was regarded as a British-based term, unlike the more American alternative rock. [ 13 ] Mendefinisikan musik sebagai alternatif seringkali sulit karena dua aplikasi yang saling bertentangan dari kata Alternatif dapat menggambarkan musik yang menantang status quo dan yang "sengit iconoclastic, anticommercial, dan antimainstream",. Tetapi istilah ini juga digunakan dalam industri musik untuk menunjukkan "yang tersedia bagi konsumen pilihan melalui toko kaset, radio, televisi kabel, dan internet." [10] Dengan menggunakan definisi yang luas dari genre, Dave Thompson di Rock Alternatif bukunya mengutip pembentukan Sex Pistols serta rilis dari album Kuda oleh Patti Smith dan Logam Mesin Musik oleh Lou Reed sebagai tiga peristiwa penting yang melahirkan rock alternatif. [11] Sampai tahun terakhir ketika Batu Indie menjadi istilah yang paling umum di Amerika Serikat untuk menggambarkan pop modern dan rock, [ 12] istilah "indie rock" dan "rock alternatif" sering digunakan secara bergantian;. sementara ada beberapa aspek yang kedua genre memiliki kesamaan, indie rock dianggap sebagai istilah yang berpusat di Inggris, tidak seperti rock alternatif lebih Amerika [13]
Karakteristik
The name "alternative rock" essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. [ 14 ] Throughout much of its history, alternative rock has been largely defined by its rejection of the commercialism of mainstream culture, although this could be contested ever since some of the major alternative artists have achieved mainstream success or co-opted with the major labels from the 1990s onwards (especially since the new millennium and beyond). Nama "rock alternatif" pada dasarnya berfungsi sebagai istilah payung untuk musik underground yang muncul setelah punk rock sejak pertengahan 1980-an. [14] Sepanjang sebagian besar sejarahnya, rock alternatif telah banyak didefinisikan oleh penolakan dari komersialisme dari budaya mainstream, hal ini dapat diperebutkan sejak beberapa seniman alternatif utama telah mencapai kesuksesan mainstream atau terkooptasi dengan label besar dari 1990 dan seterusnya (terutama sejak milenium baru dan seterusnya). Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in small clubs, recorded for indie labels, and spread their popularity through word of mouth. [ 15 ] As such, there is no set musical style for alternative rock as a whole, although The New York Times in 1989 asserted that the genre is "guitar music first of all, with guitars that blast out power chords, pick out chiming riffs, buzz with fuzztone and squeal in feedback." [ 16 ] Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the jangling guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the '60s/'70s revivalism of Britpop . Band alternatif pada tahun 1980an umumnya dimainkan di klub-klub kecil, direkam untuk label indie, dan popularitasnya menyebar dari mulut ke mulut. [15] Dengan demikian, tidak ada gaya musik ditetapkan untuk rock alternatif secara keseluruhan, meskipun The New York Times di 1989 menegaskan bahwa genre adalah "musik gitar pertama-tama, dengan gitar bahwa ledakan keluar power chords, memilih riff berdentang, buzz dengan fuzztone dan menjerit dalam umpan balik." [16] Suara berkisar dari soundscape suram batu gothic dengan genjrengan gitar dari indie pop dengan gitar kotor grunge ke tahun 60-an / revivalisme 70-an dari Britpop . More often than in other rock-styles since the mainstreaming of rock music during the 1970s, alternative rock lyrics tend to address topics of social concern, such as drug use, depression, and environmentalism. [ 15 ] This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s and early 1990s. [ 17 ] Lebih sering daripada dalam gaya rock-lain sejak pengarusutamaan musik rock selama tahun 1970, lirik rock alternatif cenderung membahas topik-topik kepedulian sosial, seperti penggunaan narkoba, depresi, dan environmentalisme. [15] Pendekatan Lirik dikembangkan sebagai refleksi dari strain sosial dan ekonomi di Amerika Serikat dan Inggris tahun 1980-an dan awal 1990. [17]Sejarah
[ edit ] Alternative rock in the 1980s [ sunting ] Alternatif batu pada 1980-an
"Alternative
music is music that hasn't yet achieved a mainstream audience,
Alternative isn't new wave any more, it's a disposition of mind.
Alternative music is any kind of music that has the potential to reach a
wider audience. It also has real strength, real quality, real
excitement, and it has to be socially significant, as opposed to Whitney
Houston, which is Pablum" "Musik adalah musik Alternatif yang
belum mencapai audiens arus utama, Alternatif bukan gelombang baru lagi,
ini adalah disposisi pikiran musik Alternatif adalah setiap jenis musik
yang memiliki potensi untuk menjangkau khalayak yang lebih luas.. Ia
juga memiliki kekuatan yang nyata, kualitas nyata, kegembiraan nyata,
dan itu harus sosial yang signifikan, dibandingkan dengan Whitney
Houston, yang merupakan Pablum "
—Mark Josephson, Executive Director of the New Music Seminar speaking in 1988 [ 19 ] -Mark Josephson, Direktur Eksekutif Seminar Musik Baru berbicara pada tahun 1988 [19]
In contrast, British alternative rock was distinguished from that of the United States early on by a more pop-oriented focus (marked by an equal emphasis on albums and singles, as well as greater openness to incorporating elements of dance and club culture) and a lyrical emphasis on specifically British concerns. Sebaliknya, Inggris rock alternatif dibedakan dari yang dari Amerika Serikat sejak awal dengan fokus lebih pop berorientasi (ditandai dengan penekanan yang sama pada album dan single, serta keterbukaan yang lebih besar untuk memasukkan unsur tari dan budaya klub) dan liris penekanan pada keprihatinan khusus Inggris. As a result, few British alternative bands have achieved commercial success in the US. [ 22 ] Since the 1980s alternative rock has been played extensively on the radio in the UK, particularly by disc jockeys such as John Peel (who championed alternative music on BBC Radio 1 ), Richard Skinner , and Annie Nightingale . Akibatnya, beberapa band-band alternatif Inggris telah mencapai sukses di AS. [22] Sejak rock alternatif tahun 1980-an telah dimainkan secara luas di radio di Inggris, terutama oleh disc jockey seperti John Peel (yang diperjuangkan musik alternatif di BBC Radio 1 ), Richard Skinner , dan Annie Nightingale . Artists that had cult followings in the United States received greater exposure through British national radio and the weekly music press, and many alternative bands had chart success there. [ 23 ] Artis yang memiliki berikut kultus di Amerika Serikat menerima eksposur yang lebih besar melalui radio nasional Inggris dan pers musik mingguan, dan band banyak alternatif telah sukses bagan di sana. [23]
bawah tanah Amerika pada 1980-an
American indie record labels SST Records , Twin/Tone Records , Touch and Go Records , and Dischord Records presided over the shift from the hardcore punk that then dominated the American underground scene to the more diverse styles of alternative rock that were emerging. [ 24 ] Minneapolis bands Hüsker Dü and The Replacements were indicative of this shift. Amerika label rekaman indie SST Rekaman , Twin / Arsip Nada , Touch dan Go Rekor , dan Rekor Dischord memimpin pergeseran dari hardcore punk yang kemudian mendominasi scene underground Amerika untuk gaya yang lebih beragam dari rock alternatif yang muncul. [24] Minneapolis band Husker Du dan The Replacements adalah indikasi dari pergeseran ini. Both started out as punk rock bands, but soon diversified their sounds and became more melodic. [ 14 ] Michael Azerrad asserted that Hüsker Dü was the key link between hardcore punk and the more melodic, diverse music of college rock that emerged. Keduanya dimulai sebagai band punk rock, tapi segera diversifikasi suara mereka dan menjadi lebih merdu. [14] Michael Azerrad menegaskan bahwa Husker Du adalah kunci link antara hardcore punk dan musik, lebih merdu beragam batu perguruan tinggi yang muncul. Azerrad wrote, "Hüsker Dü played a huge role in convincing the underground that melody and punk rock weren't antithetical." Azerrad menulis, "Husker Du memainkan peran besar dalam meyakinkan bawah tanah yang melodi dan punk rock tidak berlawanan." The band also set an example by being the first group from the American indie scene to sign to a major record label, which helped establish college rock as "a viable commercial enterprise." [ 25 ] By focusing on heartfelt songwriting and wordplay instead of political concerns, The Replacements upended a number of underground scene conventions; Azerrad noted that "along with REM [The Replacements] were one of the few underground bands that mainstream people liked." [ 26 ] Band ini juga memberi contoh dengan menjadi kelompok pertama dari scene indie Amerika untuk menandatangani ke label rekaman besar, yang membantu mendirikan batu perguruan tinggi sebagai "perusahaan komersial yang layak." [25] Dengan berfokus pada penulisan lagu tulus dan permainan kata bukan politik kekhawatiran, The Replacements upended sejumlah konvensi scene underground; ". bersama dengan REM [The Replacements] adalah salah satu band underground yang beberapa orang menyukai arus utama" Azerrad mencatat bahwa [26]
By the late 1980s, the American alternative scene was dominated by styles ranging from quirky alternative pop ( They Might Be Giants and Camper Van Beethoven ), to noise rock ( Sonic Youth , Big Black , The Jesus Lizard [ 27 ] ) and industrial rock ( Ministry , Nine Inch Nails ). Pada akhir 1980-an, adegan alternatif Amerika didominasi oleh gaya mulai dari pop alternatif unik ( They Might Be Giants dan Camper Van Beethoven ), untuk kebisingan batu ( Sonic Youth , Big Black , The Lizard Yesus [27] ) dan industri batu ( Departemen , Nine Inch Nails ). These sounds were in turn followed by the advent of Boston 's the Pixies and Los Angeles ' Jane's Addiction . [ 14 ] Around the same time, the grunge subgenre emerged in Seattle , Washington . Suara-suara yang pada gilirannya diikuti dengan munculnya Boston 's Pixies dan Los Angeles ' Ketergantungan Jane . [14] Sekitar waktu yang sama, grunge subgenre muncul di Seattle , Washington . Grunge was based around a sludgy, murky guitar sound that synthesized heavy metal and punk rock. [ 28 ] Largely based around the Seattle indie label Sub Pop , grunge bands were noted for their thrift store fashion which favored flannel shirts and combat boots suited to the local weather. [ 29 ] Early grunge bands Soundgarden and Mudhoney found critical acclaim in the US and UK, respectively. [ 14 ] Grunge didasarkan sekitar suara, gitar berpaya keruh yang disintesis logam berat dan punk rock. [28] Sebagian besar berbasis di sekitar Seattle indie label Sub Pop , band grunge yang terkenal karena busana toko barang bekas mereka yang disukai kemeja flanel dan sepatu tempur cocok untuk cuaca lokal. [29] Dini grunge band Soundgarden dan Mudhoney ditemukan pujian kritis di AS dan Inggris, masing-masing. [14]
By the end of the decade, a number of alternative bands began to sign to major labels. Pada akhir dekade ini, sejumlah band-band alternatif mulai menandatangani ke label besar. While early major label signings Hüsker Dü and The Replacements had little success, acts who signed with majors in their wake such as REM and Jane's Addiction achieved gold and platinum records, setting the stage for alternative's later breakthrough. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Some bands such as the Pixies had massive success overseas while they were ignored domestically. [ 14 ] Sementara awal utama label pemain Husker Du dan The Replacements sedikit berhasil, tindakan yang menandatangani dengan jurusan di belakang mereka seperti REM dan Ketergantungan Jane dicapai emas dan catatan platinum, setting panggung untuk terobosan kemudian alternatif itu. [30] [31] Beberapa band seperti Pixies telah sukses besar di luar negeri sementara mereka diabaikan dalam negeri. [14]
Inggris genre dan tren tahun 1980-an
The key British alternative rock band to emerge during the 1980s was Manchester 's The Smiths . Alternatif utama band rock Inggris muncul selama tahun 1980 adalah Manchester 's The Smiths . Music journalist Simon Reynolds singled out The Smiths and their American contemporaries REM as "the two most important alt-rock bands of the day", commenting that they "were eighties bands only in the sense of being against the eighties". Jurnalis musik Simon Reynolds dipilih The Smiths dan REM Amerika mereka sezaman sebagai "dua yang paling penting alt-rock band dari hari", berkomentar bahwa mereka "delapan puluhan band saja dalam pengertian ini bertentangan dengan delapan puluhan". Reynolds noted that The Smiths' "whole stance was predicated on their British audience being a lost generation, exiles in their own land". [ 37 ] The Smiths' embrace of the guitar in an era of synthesizer-dominated music is viewed as signaling the end of the New Wave era and the advent of alternative rock in Britain. Reynolds mencatat bahwa The Smiths '"sikap Seluruh didasarkan pada audiens Inggris mereka menjadi generasi yang hilang, orang-orang buangan di negeri sendiri". [37] The Smiths 'pelukan gitar di era synthesizer yang didominasi musik dipandang sebagai sinyal berakhirnya era New Wave dan munculnya rock alternatif di Inggris. Despite the band's limited chart success and short career, The Smiths exerted an influence over the British indie scene through the end of the decade, as various bands drew from singer Morrissey 's English-centered lyrical topics and guitarist Johnny Marr 's jangly guitar-playing style. [ 22 ] The C86 cassette, a 1986 NME premium featuring Primal Scream , The Wedding Present and others, was a major influence on the development of indie pop and the British indie scene as a whole. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Meskipun keberhasilan album terbatas band dan karir pendek, The Smiths diberikan pengaruh atas adegan indie Inggris melalui akhir dekade, karena berbagai band menarik dari penyanyi Morrissey 's bahasa Inggris yang berpusat pada topik liris dan gitaris Johnny Marr 's jangly gitar- bermain gaya. [22] The C86 kaset, sebuah 1986 NME premium yang menampilkan Primal Scream , The Present Pernikahan dan lainnya, adalah pengaruh besar pada pengembangan indie pop dan Inggris indie scene secara keseluruhan. [38] [39]
Other forms of alternative rock developed in the UK during the 1980s. The Jesus and Mary Chain 's sound combined the Velvet Underground 's "melancholy noise" with Beach Boys pop melodies and Phil Spector 's " Wall of Sound " production, [ 40 ] [ 41 ] while New Order emerged from the demise of post-punk band Joy Division and experimented with techno and house music . [ 22 ] The Mary Chain, along with Dinosaur Jr., C86 and the dream pop of Cocteau Twins , were the formative influences for the shoegazing movement of the late 1980s. Bentuk lain dari rock alternatif yang dikembangkan di Inggris selama tahun 1980. Yesus dan Maria Rantai 's suara menggabungkan Velvet Underground '"suara melankolis" dengan Beach Boys melodi pop dan Phil Spector 's " Wall of Sound "produksi, [40 ] [41] sementara Orde Baru muncul dari kematian post-punk Joy Division band dan bereksperimen dengan techno dan house music . [22] Rantai Maria, bersama dengan Dinosaur Jr, C86 dan pop mimpi dari Cocteau Twins , adalah pengaruh formatif untuk shoegazing pergerakan akhir 1980-an. Named for the band members' tendency to stare at their feet and guitar effects pedals [ 42 ] [ 43 ] onstage rather than interact with the audience, shoegazing acts like My Bloody Valentine and Slowdive created an overwhelmingly loud "wash of sound" that obscured vocals and melodies with long, droning riffs, distortion, and feedback. [ 44 ] Shoegazing bands dominated the British music press at the end of the decade along with the Madchester scene. Dinamakan untuk kecenderungan anggota band 'untuk menatap kaki mereka dan gitar efek pedal [42] [43] di atas panggung daripada berinteraksi dengan penonton, shoegazing bertindak seperti My Bloody Valentine dan Slowdive menciptakan "sapuan suara" sangat keras yang menutupi vokal dan melodi dengan panjang, riff mengoceh, distorsi, dan umpan balik. [44] shoegazing band mendominasi pers musik Inggris pada akhir dekade bersama dengan Madchester adegan. Based around The Haçienda , a nightclub in Manchester owned by New Order and Factory Records , Madchester bands such as Happy Mondays and The Stone Roses mixed acid house dance rhythms with melodic guitar pop. [ 45 ] Berdasarkan sekitar Hacienda , klub malam di Manchester dimiliki oleh Orde Baru dan Catatan Pabrik , band Madchester seperti hari Senin Selamat dan The Stone Roses campuran rumah asam ritme tarian dengan pop gitar melodi. [45]
mempopulerkan pada 1990-an
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Sample of " Smells Like Teen Spirit " from Nirvana 's breakthrough album Nevermind (1991). Contoh dari " Smells Like Teen Spirit "dari Nirvana terobosan album Nevermind (1991). The sample illustrates the change in dynamics from verse to pre-chorus and chorus. Sampel mengilustrasikan perubahan dalam dinamika dari ayat ke pra-paduan suara dan paduan suara. This structure of "quiet verses with wobbly, chorused guitar, followed by big, loud hardcore -inspired choruses" became a much-emulated template in alternative rock because of "Teen Spirit." [ 1 ] Struktur dari "ayat-ayat yang tenang dengan goyah, serempak gitar, diikuti oleh besar, keras hardcore yang terinspirasi chorus "menjadi template yang banyak ditiru di rock alternatif karena" Teen Spirit. " [1]
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The breakthrough success of the band Nirvana led to the widespread popularization of alternative rock in the 1990s. Keberhasilan terobosan dari Nirvana band yang menyebabkan mempopulerkan luas rock alternatif pada tahun 1990an. The release of the band's single " Smells Like Teen Spirit " from its second album Nevermind (1991) "marked the instigation of the grunge music phenomenon". Pelepasan band tunggal " Smells Like Teen Spirit "dari album kedua Nevermind (1991) "menandai anjuran fenomena musik grunge". Due to constant airplay of the song's music video on MTV , Nevermind was selling 400,000 copies a week by Christmas 1991. [ 46 ] The success of Nevermind surprised the music industry. Nevermind not only popularized grunge, but also established "the cultural and commercial viability of alternative rock in general." [ 47 ] Michael Azerrad asserted that Nevermind symbolized "a sea-change in rock music" in which the glam metal that had dominated rock music at that time fell out of favor in the face of music that was authentic and culturally relevant. [ 48 ] Karena diputar konstan video musik lagu di MTV , Nevermind menjual 400.000 eksemplar seminggu oleh Natal 1991. [46] Kesuksesan Nevermind terkejut industri musik Nevermind tidak hanya dipopulerkan grunge,. tetapi juga membentuk "kelangsungan hidup budaya dan komersial dari rock alternatif pada umumnya. " [47] Michael Azerrad menegaskan bahwa Nevermind melambangkan "lautan-perubahan dalam musik rock" di mana glam metal yang telah mendominasi musik rock pada waktu itu jatuh dari kasih karunia di hadapan musik yang otentik dan budaya yang relevan. [48]
Nirvana's surprise success with Nevermind heralded a "new openness to alternative rock" among commercial radio stations, opening doors for heavier alternative bands in particular. [ 49 ] In the wake of Nevermind , alternative rock "found itself dragged-kicking and screaming ... into the mainstream" and record companies, confused by the genre's success yet eager to capitalize on it, scrambled to sign bands. [ 50 ] The New York Times declared in 1993, "Alternative rock doesn't seem so alternative anymore. Every major label has a handful of guitar-driven bands in shapeless shirts and threadbare jeans, bands with bad posture and good riffs who cultivate the oblique and the evasive, who conceal catchy tunes with noise and hide craftsmanship behind nonchalance." [ 51 ] However, many alternative rock artists rejected success, for it conflicted with the rebellious, DIY ethic the genre had espoused before mainstream exposure and their ideas of artistic authenticity. [ 52 ] Mengejutkan kesuksesan Nirvana dengan Nevermind gemborkan "keterbukaan baru untuk rock alternatif" di antara stasiun radio komersial, membuka pintu untuk band-band alternatif yang lebih berat pada khususnya. [49] Sebagai akibat dari Nevermind, rock alternatif "ditemukan sendiri diseret-menendang dan menjerit ... ke dalam arus utama "perusahaan rekaman dan, bingung dengan kesuksesan genre ini, namun ingin memanfaatkan itu, bergegas untuk menandatangani band. [50] The New York Times menyatakan pada tahun 1993, "rock alternatif tampaknya tidak begitu alternatif lagi. Setiap label besar memiliki beberapa gitar-didorong band di kaos dan celana jins usang tak berbentuk, band dengan postur tubuh yang buruk dan riff yang baik yang menggeluti miring dan mengelak, yang menyembunyikan lagu catchy dengan kebisingan dan menyembunyikan di balik pengerjaan sikap acuh tak acuh ". [51] Namun, banyak alternatif artis rock ditolak sukses, karena bertentangan dengan, memberontak DIY etika genre yang dianut sebelum terkena arus utama dan ide-ide mereka keaslian artistik. [52]
Ledakan grunge
At the same time, critics asserted that advertising was co-opting elements of grunge and turning it into a fad. Entertainment Weekly commented in a 1993 article, "There hasn't been this kind of exploitation of a subculture since the media discovered hippies in the '60s." [ 56 ] The New York Times compared the "grunging of America" to the mass-marketing of punk rock, disco , and hip hop in previous years. Pada saat yang sama, para kritikus menyatakan bahwa iklan adalah co-opting elemen grunge dan mengubahnya menjadi mode. Entertainment Weekly berkomentar dalam sebuah artikel tahun 1993, "Belum ada jenis eksploitasi dari subkultur sejak ditemukan media hippies di tahun 60-an. " [56] The New York Times membandingkan "grunging Amerika" dengan pemasaran massal dari punk rock, disko , dan hip hop tahun-tahun sebelumnya. As a result of the genre's popularity, a backlash against grunge developed in Seattle. [ 29 ] Nirvana's follow-up album In Utero (1993) was an intentionally abrasive album that Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic described as a "wild aggressive sound, a true alternative record." [ 57 ] Nevertheless, upon its release in September 1993 In Utero topped the Billboard charts. [ 58 ] Pearl Jam also continued to perform well commercially with its second album, Vs. (1993), which topped the Billboard charts by selling a record 950,378 copies in its first week of release. [ 59 ] Sebagai akibat dari popularitas genre, sebuah reaksi terhadap grunge dikembangkan di Seattle. [29] tindak lanjut album Nirvana In Utero (1993) adalah album sengaja abrasif yang bassis Nirvana Krist Novoselic digambarkan sebagai suara "agresif liar, alternatif yang benar catatan. " [57] Namun demikian, pada rilis pada bulan September 1993 In Utero menduduki puncak tangga lagu Billboard. [58] Pearl Jam juga terus tampil baik komersial dengan album kedua, Vs. (1993), yang menduduki puncak tangga lagu Billboard dengan menjual sebuah catatan 950.378 kopi dalam minggu pertama rilis. [59]
Britpop
tren lain
Long synonymous with alternative rock as a whole, indie rock became a distinct form following the popular breakthrough of Nirvana. Panjang identik dengan rock alternatif secara keseluruhan, indie rock menjadi bentuk yang berbeda mengikuti terobosan populer Nirvana. Indie rock was formulated as a rejection of both alternative rock's absorption into the mainstream by artists who could not or refused to cross over, and a wariness of its "macho" aesthetic. Indie batu dirumuskan sebagai penolakan terhadap penyerapan baik rock alternatif itu kepada orang banyak oleh seniman yang tidak bisa atau menolak untuk menyeberang, dan kewaspadaan dari "macho" estetikanya. While indie rock artists share the punk rock distrust of commercialized music, the genre does not entirely define itself against that, as "the general assumption is that it's virtually impossible to make indie rock's varying musical approaches compatible with mainstream tastes in the first place". [ 64 ] Labels such as Matador Records , Merge Records , and Dischord , and indie rockers like Pavement , Superchunk , Fugazi , and Sleater-Kinney dominated the American indie scene for most of the 1990s. [ 65 ] One of the main indie rock movements of the 1990s was lo-fi . Sementara seniman indie rock berbagi ketidakpercayaan punk rock musik komersial, genre tidak sepenuhnya menentukan sendiri terhadap itu, sebagai "asumsi umum adalah bahwa hal itu hampir tidak mungkin untuk melakukan pendekatan yang bervariasi indie rock itu musik yang kompatibel dengan selera arus utama di tempat pertama". [64] Label seperti Matador Record , Rekor Merge , dan Dischord , dan rocker indie seperti Perkerasan , Superchunk , Fugazi , dan Sleater-Kinney mendominasi Amerika scene indie untuk sebagian besar 1990-an. [65] Salah satu gerakan batu utama indie tahun 1990-an adalah lo-fi . The movement, which focused on the recording and distribution of music on low-quality cassette tapes , initially emerged in the 1980s. Gerakan, yang berfokus pada rekaman dan distribusi musik berkualitas rendah kaset , awalnya muncul pada tahun 1980an. By 1992, Pavement, Guided By Voices and Sebadoh became popular lo-fi cult acts in the United States, while subsequently artists like Beck and Liz Phair brought the aesthetic to mainstream audiences. [ 66 ] The period also saw alternative confessional female singer-songwriters. Pada tahun 1992, Perkerasan, Guided By Voices dan Sebadoh menjadi tindakan pemujaan populer lo-fi di Amerika Serikat, sedangkan selanjutnya seniman seperti Beck dan Liz Phair membawa estetika untuk khalayak mainstream. [66] Periode ini juga melihat alternatif pengakuan perempuan penyanyi-penulis lagu . Besides the previously mentioned Liz Phair, PJ Harvey and the massively successful Alanis Morissette fit into this sub group. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Selain yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya Liz Phair, PJ Harvey dan sangat sukses Alanis Morissette cocok ke dalam sub kelompok. [67] [68]During the latter half of the 1990s, grunge was supplanted by post-grunge . Selama paruh kedua 1990-an, grunge itu digantikan oleh post-grunge . Post-grunge bands such as Candlebox and Bush emerged soon after grunge's breakthrough. Post-grunge band-band seperti Candlebox dan Bush muncul segera setelah grunge terobosan itu. These artists lacked the underground roots of grunge and were largely influenced by what grunge had become, namely "a wildly popular form of inward-looking, serious-minded hard rock." Para seniman ini tidak memiliki akar bawah tanah grunge dan sebagian besar dipengaruhi oleh apa yang grunge telah menjadi, yaitu "suatu bentuk yang sangat populer dari melihat ke dalam rock, serius berpikiran keras." Post-grunge was a more commercially viable genre that tempered the distorted guitars of grunge with polished, radio-ready production. [ 69 ] Post-grunge adalah genre lebih komersial yang marah menyimpang gitar grunge dengan dipoles produksi, radio-siap. [69]
Post-rock was established by Talk Talk 's Laughing Stock and Slint 's Spiderland albums, both released in 1991. Post-rock didirikan oleh Bicara Bicara 's Efek Tertawa dan Slint 's Spiderland album, keduanya dirilis pada tahun 1991. Post-rock draws influence from a number of genres, including Krautrock , progressive rock , and jazz . Post-rock menarik pengaruh dari sejumlah genre, termasuk Krautrock , progressive rock , dan jazz . The genre subverts or rejects rock conventions, and often incorporates electronic music. Genre merongrong atau menolak konvensi batu, dan seringkali menggabungkan musik elektronik. While the name of the genre was coined by music journalist Simon Reynolds in 1994, the sound of the genre was solidified by the release of Millions Now Living Will Never Die (1996) by the Chicago group Tortoise . Sedangkan nama dari genre ini diciptakan oleh jurnalis musik Simon Reynolds pada tahun 1994, suara dari genre itu dipadatkan oleh pelepasan Jutaan Sekarang Hidup Tidak Akan Pernah Mati (1996) oleh kelompok Chicago Kura-kura . Post-rock became the dominant form of experimental rock music in the 1990s and bands from the genre centered around the Thrill Jockey , Kranky , Drag City , and Too Pure record labels. [ 70 ] A related genre, math rock , peaked in the mid-1990s. Post-rock menjadi bentuk dominan dari musik rock eksperimental pada tahun 1990 dan band dari genre berpusat di sekitar Jockey Thrill , Kranky , Kota Drag , dan Terlalu Murni label rekaman. [70] Sebuah genre terkait, batu matematika , memuncak di pertengahan 1990-an. In comparison to post-rock, math rock is more " rockist " and relies on complex time signatures and intertwining phrases. [ 71 ] While by the end of the decade a backlash had emerged against post-rock due to its "dispassionate intellectuality" and its perceived increasing predictability, a new wave of post-rock bands such as Godspeed You! Black Emperor and Sigur Rós emerged who further expanded the genre. [ 70 ]
After almost a decade in the underground, ska acts became popular in the United States in 1996 with Mighty Mighty Bosstones , No Doubt , Goldfinger , Reel Big Fish , Less Than Jake and Save Ferris charting or getting radio exposure. [ 72 ]
Mid to late 1990s: decline of popularity
By the end of the decade, alternative rock's mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events, notably the death of Nirvana's Kurt Cobain in 1994 and Pearl Jam's lawsuit against concert venue promoter Ticketmaster , which in effect barred the group from playing many major venues around the United States. [ 52 ] In addition to the decline of grunge bands, Britpop faded as Oasis's third album, Be Here Now (1997), received lackluster reviews and Blur began to incorporate influences from American alternative rock. [ 73 ] A signifier of alternative rock's declining popularity was the hiatus of the Lollapalooza festival after an unsuccessful attempt to find a headliner in 1998. In light of the festival's troubles that year, Spin said, "Lollapalooza is as comatose as alternative rock right now". [ 74 ]Despite alternative rock's declining popularity, some artists retained mainstream relevance. Post-grunge remained commercially viable into the start of the 21st century, when bands like Creed and Matchbox Twenty became among the most popular rock bands in the United States. [ 69 ] At the same time Britpop began to decline, Radiohead achieved critical acclaim with its third album OK Computer (1997), and its follow-ups Kid A (2000) and Amnesiac (2001), which were in marked contrast with the traditionalism of Britpop. Radiohead, along with post-Britpop groups like Travis and Coldplay , were major forces in British rock in subsequent years. [ 75 ]
Alternative rock in the 21st century: further refinement, exiting the mainstream
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, several alternative rock bands emerged, including The Strokes , Franz Ferdinand , Interpol , and The Rapture that drew primary inspiration from post-punk and New Wave, establishing the post-punk revival movement. [ 76 ] Preceded by the success of bands such as The Strokes and The White Stripes earlier in the decade, an influx of new alternative rock bands, including several post-punk revival artists and others such as Modest Mouse , The Killers , and Yeah Yeah Yeahs , found commercial success in the early 2000s. Selama akhir 1990-an dan awal 2000-an, beberapa band rock alternatif muncul, termasuk The Strokes , Franz Ferdinand , Interpol , dan Pengangkatan yang menarik inspirasi utama dari post-punk dan New Wave, menetapkan kebangkitan post-punk gerakan. [76] Didahului oleh keberhasilan band-band seperti The Strokes dan The White Stripes di awal dekade ini, masuknya baru band rock alternatif, termasuk beberapa post-punk seniman kebangkitan dan lainnya seperti mouse Sederhana , The Killers , dan Yeah Yeah Yeahs , menemukan komersial sukses di awal 2000-an. Owing to the success of these bands, Entertainment Weekly declared in 2004, "After almost a decade of domination by rap-rock and nu-metal bands, mainstream alt-rock is finally good again." [ 77 ] Despite the resurgence, changes in the industry, declining sales, and advertising/media focus on R&B and pop music have effectively removed alternative rock from any mainstream consideration with few albums from primarily headlining acts such as Radiohead, Muse, and The Killers charting in the Top 10 during 2005-2010. [ 78 ] Karena keberhasilan band-band, Entertainment Weekly menyatakan pada tahun 2004, "Setelah hampir satu dekade dominasi oleh rap-rock dan nu-metal band, mainstream alt-rock akhirnya baik lagi. " [77] Meskipun kebangkitan, perubahan industri, penurunan penjualan, dan iklan / fokus media pada R & B dan musik pop secara efektif dihapus rock alternatif dari pertimbangan utama dengan beberapa album dari tindakan terutama headlining seperti Radiohead, Muse, dan The Killers memetakan di Top 10 selama 2005-2010 . [78]
By 2010, in the United States the term alternative rock fell out of common usage. Pada tahun 2010, di Amerika Serikat, istilah rock alternatif jatuh dari penggunaan umum. Most references to rock music today are to the indie rock genre, a term that had previously limited usage on alternative rock channels and media. [ 12 ] Alternative rock radio stations still in operation today involve music from that period with singles from other complementary genres and artists. Kebanyakan referensi dari musik rock saat ini ke indie rock genre, sebuah istilah yang memiliki penggunaan sebelumnya terbatas pada saluran rock alternatif dan media. [12] Alternatif batu stasiun radio masih beroperasi hari ini melibatkan musik dari periode dengan single dari genre pelengkap lainnya dan seniman. Stations have also made quiet format changes to modern rock or adult album alternative to broaden their appeal to the older 18-49 demographic, while others have undergone format changes away from the rock genre altogether. [ 79 ] Stasiun juga telah membuat perubahan format yang tenang untuk rock modern atau alternatif dewasa album untuk memperluas banding mereka ke 18-49 demografis yang lebih tua, sementara yang lain telah mengalami perubahan format jauh dari genre rock sama sekali. [79]
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